027652 (0. To determine allowable working pressure at elevated temperatures, multiply allowable working pressures from Tables 2 throughBend Allowance Chart K factor 0. It is also known as bend allowance and serves to calculate the sheet metal layout. If the reduction is a concern with a standard Inductive sensor there are specialty Inductive sensor such as Factor 1 sensors that will detect ferrous an non-ferrous material at the. Although, reliable sources (mentioned at the reference section) has been used for compiling the above COF table but still the values shown are approximate only. 4401, DIN 1. 0: 6. 2 in. Super strong with added corrosion resistance. 5 for standard materials and thicknesses though smaller and larger K-Factors are. However, this steel can be cold. g = Universal Gravitational constant. It contains tenacious metals, oils and graphite materials. , and Giarratano, P. The value of the K-factor is influenced by the material properties and. 4301/1. 5% chromium, the oxide film is of insufficient durability. Mechanical Properties Typical Values at 68°F (20°C) Yield Strength Ultimate Tensile Elongation Hardness 0. Also, it does not account for the temperature or viscosity of the water. Overall heat transfer coefficient is expressed as W/m2 °C or kcal/h, m2 °C. The K factor. 64 x 19. 1 ~ 1. ,. 33 K factor 0. The K Factor Calculator uses the thickness of the material, bend angle, inside radius, and bend allowance to find the K factor. (125 Pa) for different sizes and lengths are shown in Table 402. AISI 316 Stainless Steel (UNS S31600) AISI 316 stainless steel (UNS S31600) is the second most commonly used austenitic stainless steel. Now what? What. Stainless Steel 90 D: Gasket, Flange, Fastener as a System. Add the potential energy (or elongation) from 10 short wires in series and you get a potential energy (or elongation) identical to that of the long wire. ISBN: 978-0-87170-503-7. Where the neutral axis is situated in a bend is commonly called the “K-Factor” as it is signified as “K” in the development formulas. while stainless steel plates can. It resists galling and corrosion and reduces wear in heavy pressure applications. I founded this site back in 2011 intending to provide solutions to various engineering and programming problems. In the process of making stainless steel, alloying elements such as chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), silicon. Figure 2: Diagram depicting the location of steel in an airplane. Step 1: Choose Meter Type. Abrasion, impact, & chemical resistant. 3 applications in excess of the 500psi (34. Our emphasis is on steel, iron alloys and materials related to steelmaking and the processing of steel, such as refractories and slags. mild steel 0. You use a gauge table and bend table in one table. Let’s start with 90 degrees bend which is the most simple scenario. 0. At room temperature, it has the tendency to become brittle, especially when it has been heated for a long time in the 400-600°C (752-1112°F) range. From and is defaulted at . 7 6061-T6 Aluminum 1/2" between 60-65 41. We want to know the final length of the detail. 62-Rubber (60 A Belt) Rubber (60 A Belt) . Nominal K-Factor: 8. Hot rolled steel: 0. Various K Factors: Typical Steel Bolt: 0. 67 @ 200ºF. k. We have already agreed that the K-Factor will be constant at 0. For the completely rough regime, the value of Β' is equal a constant of 8. 0. 16. View Article. 77 Material Iron metal Steel Steel r. Finally, use the formula for thermal expansion:. This is your X if you are doing testing, D = nominal diameter (bolt diameter) of the fastener (in. 17 found in seemingly identical fasteners here results in a substantial clamp load variation. 8 Bare Steel with Guide Point; DIN 7984-8. 678 W/m 2 K = 4. Very often what people use is some general data that may or may not be close enough. The friction coefficient - λ - can be calculated by the Colebrooke Equation : 1 / λ 1/2 = -2,0 log 10 [ (2,51 / (Re λ 1/2 )) + (k / d h ) / 3,72 ] (11) . Manufacturer: Viking. 0 k-factor 3/4 inch npt sprinklersFirst, we choose the option to use a gauge table. 0) Pendent; Concealed Pendent;316 Stainless Steel, Steel, Brass and Monel® Alloy 400 construction Inline and angle patterns Wide variety of US Customary and SI ports Panel mountable 100% factory tested Optional color coded handles Specifications Pressure Ratings: 316 Stainless Steel: 5000 psig (345 bar) CWP Brass, Steel and Monel® Alloy 400: 3000 psig (207 bar) CWPNote 4: NFPA 13 requires that steel pipe used in a sprinkler or a standpipe system be either Schedule 10 or Schedule 40 pipe. Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Gauge Table. The conductive heat transport through the layered wall can be calculated asGage Factor 2. It contains at least 10. In fire protection system, the K-factor formula is used to calculate the volumetric flow rate from the fire sprinkler (sprinkler head), water mist nozzle, or deluge fire system nozzles. 6 8-32 Stainless Steel Fasteners Material Length of Thread Engagement (in) Experimental Torque Applied (in-lb) Calculated Torque From Tables (in-lb) 304 Stainless Steel 7/16” between 57-60 77. M Faires). rates of 0. The four types stainless steels used in this study were SUS410 (t = 3. The k-factor can be calculated from the bend allowance. Temperature Range. E. The range of Machinability is vast and spans from about 40% for difficult to machine steels, such as bearing steel ( SAE 52100 / DIN 100Cr6) up to Ledloy free-cutting steel (SAE 12L14 / DIN 9SMnPb36) that has a machinability rate of about 170%. Ultra-high strength-to-weight ratio. Stainless Steel 296 x 10 -5 35 x 10–5 Copper 326 x 10 -5 44 x 10 -5 Aluminum 415 x 10 -5 47 x 10 -5 Iron 198 x 10 -518 x 10 Invar 40 x 10 -5-. 2 or later Related Application Notes: For a complete list, click here. 01 (m) and Reynolds number Re = 10 7 - the relative rougness can be calculated as. Monel alloy 400 has a specific gravity of 8. 1 mm can be made in polypropylene PP, aluminum or stainless steel. Hot food in stainless steel containers. 1 lists ferrous and nonferrous metalRelated Resources: materials Specific Heat Capacity of Metals Table Chart. But whether you call it K-factor, Y-factor, or neutral factor, if you’re working with us, there’s one important thing that you should know: Don’t worry about it. Stainless steel 430 - 1. 20% for various metals, is popular among engineers. For complete part number, refer to Viking’s current price schedule. Concrete (Dry) Rubber. The K factor formula is K factor = /T. The following are Typical C factors used in the Hazen. 3 to SDR 26), PVC (Schedule 40, 80, and CL100 to CL315), Stainless Steel (Schedule 5s, 10s, 40s), Steel (Schedule 40,80,160) and more. 1 percent carbon, Carbon Steel also contains various other alloying elements like manganese (1. 6% max), copper (). a. The most important factor in what type of heat transfer is possible is the maximum ambient temperature at the enclosure location and the maximum temperature inside the enclosure. Bolting torque to develop 50% Bolt Yield Stress at Nut Factor, K=0. 3048 m. 27 *10 /K 17. 2 bar (60 psi) maximum PRESSURE END CONNECTION 1/2" BSPT (1/2” NPT Optional) K-FACTOR K-42 Standard (K-2. 48. I. French / français. 33: K factor:. But when it comes to entering K Factor for Mild Steel and Stainless Steel it gets confusing as this affects the blank size. Traditionally, the wear of materials has been characterized by weight loss and wear rate. Because SS304 contains 18% chromium (Cr) and 8% nickel (Ni), it’s also known as 18/8 stainless steel. The proposed ASCE ASD Specification includes four types of austenitic stainless steels (Types 201, 301, 304, and 316) and three types of ferritic stainless steels (Types 409, 430, and 439). 16: Miscellaneous Data: Applied Load: Tensile: lb?Nominal K-factor: 25. Includes additional data and reference information carefully. It is mainly used for its excellent corrosion and temperature resistance and is especially valued for applications in the marine and chemical processing industries. Material. Above all, it becomes essential to make sure that you’re shopping for it from an eligible fabricator. Requirement is based on minimum flow in GPM from each sprinkler. One item of note: The K factor found in the "Machinists Handbook" (Industrial Press Inc. These are 304 SS material. All stainless steels contain a minimum of 10. The letter t denotes this rotation of the neutral axis in Figure 2. The relationship between heat and temperature change is usually expressed in the form. & Yu, W. DIN 913 Flat Point; DIN 914 Cone Point; DIN 915 Dog Point; DIN 916 / ISO 4029 Cup Point; A2/A4 Stainless Steel; DIN 479-8. Product code: ISBN: 978-0-87170-503-7. 50. 6% max), chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, etc. units by 10. Conductive heat transfer per unit area can be calculated as. In materials science, fracture toughness is the critical stress intensity factor of a sharp crack where propagation of the crack suddenly becomes rapid and unlimited. 5. breaking torque; A1-50 A2-70 A4-80 A1-50 A2-70 A4-80 A1-50 A1-70R-value. Grade 301 Temper ASTM. 6)We are going to review three bending scenarios with three different bending angles; 60, 90 and 120, and we will calculate K-Factor, Bend Allowance and Bend Deduction for them. The k-factor is found by dividing time by the thickness of the material: The formula for the k-factor is t/Mt. However, steel-containing structures decay due to corrosion, destroying. Available in 5. 88CO 2 eq. Steel Hex Locknut Steel Hex Flange Nut Grade C FNL Grade 9 Grade F Grade G Clamp Load (lbs. 20: Zinc-Plated: 0. ” When a flat piece of material is bent the inside face of the bend is compressed and the outside part stretches. 1 11. Stainless steel bolts are formed when the raw materials of nickel, iron ore, chromium, silicon, molybdenum, and others, are melted together. A K-Factor will typically range between 0 and . In construction, the R-value is the measurement of a material's capacity to resist heat flow from one side to the other. When pressure is measured in kPa, divide the metric K-factor shown by 10. Approvals. KC Curve Factor (MC) The MC constant indicates how KC varies as the chip thickness gets further away from the normalized point of 1 mm. Specifically, the k-factor value is the neutral axis’ new position after bending, marked “t” in Figure 1, divided by the material thickness (k-factor = t/Mt). K-Factor 1000 PPG (291 PPL) (2) K-Factor 100 PPG (26 PPL) (2) K-Factor 2500 PPG (660 PPL) (2) K-Factor 215PPG (57 PPL) (2) 2M Cable, 8 Blade CD4MCU Stainless Steel Rotor (2). 6. $endgroup$An Inductive Proximity Sensor will detect both stainless steel and carbon steel. Piping Material. 8 4. 550 is well-suited for most maintenance needs. It contains a much higher amount of chromium than carbon steel. Where: T = Target Input Torque (ft-lb) This is your input torque from your torque wrench determined by your specified torque. Modeling up my first stainless steel parts, as I usually only use mild steel. com K factor depends on material, thickness and machine. 8 Steel Plain Finish 0. Choose the check mark to use a gauge table. For example, chromium can be added for corrosion resistance, nickel can improve toughness and ductility, and. 4 77. MIL-PRF-907F; Service. The heat transfer convection coefficient for air is 50 W/m 2 K . 15. The effect of this minimum level creates a chromium oxide layer on the surface, which is a self-healing oxygen barrier that stops further oxidation. 3T; Minimum size of Z-shaped bend: Z = W/2 + 2T + 1; The deduction coefficients for cold-rolled steel plate, aluminum-zinc coated plate, stainless steel plate, electrolytic plate, and aluminum plate are the same; Relative roughness - the ratio between absolute roughness an pipe or duct diameter - is important when calculating pressure loss in ducts or pipes with the Colebrook Equation . The reason being that it takes the wear rate, the applied load, and the hardness of the wear pin into account. This issue can be overcome with annealing. So if the thickness of the sheet was a distance of T = 1 mm and the location of the neutral axis was a distance of t = 0. In this. Useful Tables 1033 Table A–16 Approximate Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for Bending of a Round Bar or Tube with a Transverse Round Hole Source: R. Finish. T = material thickness. 0 K-factor (K115) varieties and three temperature ratings, including 280 F (137. Thermal Expansion 9 mm/m/°C. , Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Resistivity Standard Reference Materials: Austentic Stainless Steel, SRM 735 and 798, From 4 to 1200 K, NBS Special Publication 260-46, 1975. How do you calculate the k-factor for different kinds of steel (or materials)? Say I have a stainless steel AISI 316L and a hot rolled steel S235 JR, will they have the same k-factor for similar plate thickness and bend angle? So we bend a lot of mild steel. It occurs in the formula known as Hollomon's equation (after John Herbert Hollomon Jr. The 316 family is a group of austenitic stainless steels with superior corrosion resistance to 304 stainless steels. 86-Rubber (60 A Belt). Continue to determine the radius of gyration r according to the cross-section of the column: r = √(I / A). I read on some site that the range is between 0. 5 mm measured from the inside bend. 22Our market analysis draws on our multi-commodity capabilities across nickel, ferroalloys and steel to provide an in-depth examination of stainless steel flat products globally. 0. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. On unlubricated connections, I use k=0. 10/19 schedule 40 steel pipes. 17. d = Pitch Diameter (m) K Df = Nut Friction Diameter (m) μ = oefficient of Friction Fastener Material Coefficient of Friction (μ) K-Factor 304 Stainless Steel 0. 1 mil per year were observed on Types 304L and 348 stainless steels and 0. 6 – 0. 64-Rubber (60 A Belt). 05. Stainless steel grade 430 is capable of resisting oxidation up to 870°C (1598°F) in intermittent usage, and up to 815°C (1499°F) in continuous usage. AISI 304 and 316 are the most common grades in this series. 01 m) = 0. In general, a material with a large k is a good heat. Includes additional data and reference information carefully selected and adapted. How to link the K-Factor and Sheet Metal Rule Style being used to the drawing. 5–1° whereas the same thickness sheet with a ±68 mm bend radius can have springback as much as 30°. AISI 301 Stainless Steel (UNS S30100) AISI 301 stainless steel (UNS S30100) is the most susceptible to cold deformation strengthening among conventional austenitic stainless steels. 8 Square Head; Low Head Socket Cap Screws. Engineering Materials. The specific heat is the amount of heat energy per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius. Metric K-factor shown is for use when pressure is measured in bar. Similarly, if it is. Editor: J. The main factor causing pitting corrosion is the breakdown of the passivity layer (i. To calculate K-factor: Enter the material thickness, T = 1 mm. K Factor in sheet metal bending is a constant used to calculate sheet metal flat length or Flat-pattern. 304 Stainless SteelThe bending angle is 90°, the sheet thickness is 5 mm and the inside radius is 6 mm. The k-factor is fundamental in the press-bending sector and is closely linked to the concept of spring back. 02 0. MOLYKOTE® 1000 Paste. 88 x Fn for music wire. Type 302 stainless steel is basically a higher carbon version of type 304, a variant of 18-8 stainless steel. 50 by default. 15 K = 0. Bend Allowance (BA) =. Tables for pipe roughness and kinematic viscosity are also included. The higher the K factor, the more the support conditions hurt the member’s resistance to buckling, and vice versa. Abstract. Connection Type. Care was taken to include as much information as possible about stainless steel flat products used throughout Europe, for the informatio n of the user: • Chemical and physical properties are in accordance with EN 10088-1:2005 • Mechanical properties are in accordanc e with EN 10088-2:2005, except for heThe thickness of sheet metal is also an important factor, and it can range from extremely thin to several centimeters. Monel is typically much more expensive than stainless steel. Portuguese / português. 6 (80), 8. The presence of chromium creates an invisible surface film that resists oxidation and makes the material “passive” or corrosion resistant. The bending tool has a radius of 30 mm which means that our Inside Bend Radius (R) is 30 mm. Hot Working. 5 throughout the article, so lets focus on entering the other two values correctly. Minimum spacing is for lateral distance between sprinklers located along a single wall. CTE 15. Stainless Steel: ASME 150#-2500# Flanges-100°C upto 232°C: Degreased / Cleaned: N/A: Red, Blue, Green: ASTM A453 Grade 660 Class B: 232°C upto 325°C: Ceramic Xylar-2: 25µm ±5µm:. 2% carbon and other alloying elements. Dry Torque) Partially Lubricated Bolts; Properly Lubricated Bolts; But before we talk about these items, or get to our torque chart, it is imperative you understand the working definition of K-Factor (or “Nut Factor”). The friction factor for rough pipes can be expressed in a form similar to that for smooth pipe as:D = pipe diameter [m] V = fluid velocity [m/s] g = gravitational constant [9. R-value (thermal insulance factor) is a measure of thermal resistance. 0. The K-factor is calculated based on value ranges and is used to determine the following: Tube bending feasibility (whether it is in fact possible to bend a round,. 304 stainless steel: 2–3°. Bend allowance with a K-Factor is calculated as follows: BA=pi (R + KT) A/180. The following datasheet gives more details about grade 317 stainless steel. d = 0. Achieving Proper Bolt Torque: An Introduction to K-Factor. 10 -6 ·K -1 = 10 -6 /K. 35 K = 0. MRR = . 316 Stainless Steel. 0×10⁻⁶ / K. An air to air plate exchanger with area 2 m 2 and wall thickness 0. 001 −0. 5 - 7. For instance, 304 stainless steel forms a radius 20 to 22 percent of the die width, while a radius in 5052-H32 aluminum forms at 13 to 15 percent of the width. 36 N in air, wear surfaces are covered by oxide films and fine and thin wear particles of 0. For molded ceramic fiber products and packed or tightly packed insulation, losses will be lower than values shown. Roughness (mm) Drawn Tubing, Glass, Plastic. R. and has many uses in pressure vessels, pumps and valves, pinions, shaft gears, ball studs, screws, general purpose profile steel, automotive parts, oil and gas industry, aerospace, and bike frame, etc. If a K-factor is 0. Other guidelines to remember when the processing draw reductions are:Thread Coeff friction Preload (Kn) property class Tightening torque (Nm) property class Min. 35 . . Bulletin 065. Our bend radius rule of thumb is the minimum radius = material thickness. Hazard. MC values range between 0. 00 Energy Electricity Country Canada kWh 10%0. Stainless steel prevents rusting because of its composition. 33Table 3. 0. 5% chromium and usually nickel, and may also contain other elements, such as carbon, to obtain the desired properties. 2 m2. 11 to 0. Keep in mind that there will be a reduction rating when sensing stainless steel. 6 times the aluminum plate. 2 mil per year on Type 316L stainless steel in aluminum-zirconium process first cycle. Hardcover. 1 8. F f = μ N (1). For example, the percentage can be anything from 20% to 22% for 304 stainless steel but is often between 13% and 15% for H-series soft aluminium. 2% Offset Strength in 2 in. K-factor (aeronautics), the number of pulses expected for every one volumetric unit of fluid passing through a given flow meter. The tool can be used for any flow type. become more important for the design of cold-formed stainless steel structural members. 300 series stainless steel applications include: Food & beverage industry. Zinc Plated Steel. UnfoldMethod. 8 kg. The value of μ s is generally higher than the value of μ k for a given combination of materials. Compared to the k-factor (for the neutral axis shift), the K-factor is a breeze to calculate. 2. The higher the K factor, the more the support conditions hurt the member’s resistance to buckling, and vice versa. radius. 79. 3 in. For 4 or 5 inches Insulation: multiply by 0. Achieving Proper Bolt Torque: An Introduction to K-Factor. The K-factor is used to calculate flat patterns because it is related to how much material is stretched during bending. Gauge table/bend table combination. This table contains typical values of absolute roughness for common construction materials. 16: Miscellaneous Data: Applied Load: Tensile: kg?Carbon Footprint of Steel Per Kg. The tool can calculate the required bending force for bending aluminum, stainless steel, mild steel, and Weldox® or Strenx® high-strength steels. Where available, full property information can be viewed for materials including chemical composition, mechanical properties, physical properties, advanced property. VK605 - Microfast® EC/QREC Horizontal Sidewall Sprinkler (K5. American Society for Metals ASM International ASM World Headquarters 9639. Fanning Friction Factor. 1. Thermal Expansion of Steel. Above all, it becomes essential to make sure that you’re shopping for it from an eligible fabricator. 70 *10-6/K. The capacity factor is determined through experience and for each application it is influenced by the type and style of mist eliminator, the relative geometry of mist eliminator to vapor flow, as well as process considerations such as operating pressure, fluid viscosities and liquid surface tension. 125 and a K-factor of . Therefore, the potential energy is smaller by a factor of 10. Table 8: Sample Torque Calculation with varying K Factor. After bending the sheet, insert the inner radius, and. 4 - 10 Rotary Meter (Star or Cog. 12 = Torque Applied (Nm) = Tension Generated in Fastener (N) = Nut Nominal olt Diameter (m) = K-Factor 2. Stainless Steel 404. Other elements, such as nickel or molybdenum are added to increase corrosion70% of commercially produced stainless steel are austenitic. Pipe Entrance Inward Projecting 0. K Factor: K Factor is a torque coefficient between bolt and receptacle. Mathematically bend allowance during Sheet metal bending can be calculated as per the following formula. The K-factor is the frequency divided by the flow rate => [1/s] / [g/s] = 1/g. Table 2 - Mechanical properties of 301 grade stainless steel. They consist about 4-30% of chromium. 2 5. 8 (242 metric*) nominal K-Factor and special deflector, this sprinkler produces large, high-momentum water droplets in a hemispheric pattern below the deflector. Assume a. Inside temperature in the exchanger is 100 o. 5% chromium. 2 in. Circular Ring - Temperature Expansion Calculate ring (or pipe) diameter expansion or contraction when temperature changes. This name refers to the average composition, 18% chromium and 8% nickel. K1 proximity sensors provide consistent sensing ranges for many metal target materials — and good value when evaluating cost versus sensing distance. Since the inside compression can not exceed the outside tension, the k-factor can never exceed . Stainless steel, also known as inox, corrosion-resistant steel (CRES) and rustless steel, is an alloy of iron that is resistant to rusting and corrosion. Example - Allowable Pressure in a Steel Pipe. The reason being that it takes the wear rate, the applied load, and the hardness of the wear pin into account. tR = tF + 459. What K Factor. K-factor (centrifugation), relative pelleting efficiency. Prefix- (S)Steel - (CLS)Stainless Steel. K-Factors for Aluminum, Cold Rolled Steel and Stainless ALUMINUM Thickness Radius 0. Jul 27, 2018. Choose the appropriate sheet metal gauge table. Below is a discussion of several 316 stainless steel characteristics:Find the linear expansion coefficient for steel: 12. Bolting torque to develop 50% Bolt Yield Stress at Nut Factor, K=0. 15 K = 0. Sheet Metal Bend Deduction Chart (PDF) Sheet Metal Bend Deduction Chart (Excel) BEND DEDUCTION; 8 Gauge: 10 Gauge: 12 Gauge: 14 Gauge: 16 Gauge: 18 Gauge: 20 Gauge: 22 Gauge: 24 Gauge: K factor: 0. 0. If the sheet metal gauge tables hadn’t been already constructed and researched, now would be the time to go away and spend hours trying to find the necessary information to complete the design. Therefore it is important to have the value correct in CAD software. It also has variants with low carbon and high nitrogen. If we know the Reynolds number and the roughness - the friction coefficient - λ - in the particular flow can be calculated. 42. Guidelines for stainless steel selection; BS EN ISO 9223 Atmospheric Corrosion Class Typical outdoor environment Suitable stainless steel; C1 (Very low) Deserts and arctic areas (very low humidity) 1. 84. 33At room temperature, Grade 316 stainless steel also exhibits the following set of properties: Density 99 g/cm 3. DIN 911 / ISO 2936. Dry Torque) Partially Lubricated Bolts; Properly Lubricated Bolts; But before we talk about these items, or get to our torque chart, it is imperative you understand the working definition of K-Factor (or “Nut Factor”).